BOUNDARY STONE

BOUNDARY  STONE சர்வே கல் , எல்லை கல்(or) அத்து கல்

• Boundary stone shows the boundary of land .

• எல்லைக் கல்  (or) அத்து கல்  நிலத்தின்  எல்லையைக்காட்டுகிறது.

• all measurement  are taken  form the center point of the stone.
• அனைத்து அளவீடுகளும் கல்லின் மையப் புள்ளியில் இருந்து எடுக்கப்படுகின்றன.

For example

• Red line shows the existing boundary  of the land from the boundary stone
• எல்லைக் கல்லிலிருந்து  நிலத்தின்  தற்போதைய  எல்லையை சிவப்பு  கோடு  காட்டுகிறது

COVERING FOR REINFORCEMENT OF CONCRETE

FOOTING  REINFORCEMENT COVER  

To provide 50 mm  cover block for  footing. 

COLUMN  REINFORCEMENT COVER 

To provide 30 mm  cover block for column.

BEAM  REINFORCEMENT COVER

 To provide 25 - 40 mm  cover block for beam.

SLAB REINFORCEMENT COVER

  To provide 20 - 25 mm  cover block for beam.

WALL REINFORCEMENT COVER 

  To provide 20 mm  cover block for wall.

GROUND SLAB REINFORCEMENT COVER

  To provide 30 mm  cover block for ground slab.

GROUND BEAM REINFORCEMENT COVER

  To provide 25 - 30 mm  cover block for ground slab.



FOR MORE INFORMATION
👇  
http://civiltechnohunters.blogspot.in/2018/01/cover-to-reinforcement.html

AREA CALCULATION IN AREA SURVEYING

FIELD  AREA MEASUREMENT  

 SQUARE 

Area = A X A

        =  3 X 3

  =  9

TRIANGLE

Area = 1//2  X H X L

         = 0.5  X 10 X 7

                                                                          = 35

               

                                                                       RECTANGULAR  

Area =  A X B

        = 10 X 5

  = 50

TRAPEZOIDAL

Area = 1/2 X H X ( B1+B )

          = 0.5 X 10 X  ( 5 + 8 )

                                                                        = 65

HERONIAN TRIANGLE

S = A + B + C /2

    = 10 +7 +15 / 2

                                                                         =  24.5 

CONCRETE GRADE DESIGATION

                                                                                   

CONCRETE GRADE N/mm²	USAGE
M10	Blinding concrete
M15	Mass concrete
M20	Light reinforcement concrete /pre-cast
M25	Reinforcement concrete /pre-cast
M30	Heavy reinforcement concrete /pre-cast concrete /pre-cast
M35	Pre-stressed/ pre-cast
M40	Very Heavy reinforcement concrete /pre-cast / Pre-stressed

DERIVATION OF WEIGHT OF STEEL

                                                 

     

           Density  = Mass/Volume
           Density of Steel = 7850 Kg/m³
           And Volume of Steel = 𝛑D²L/4

           D- Diameter of Bar in mm
           L- length off bar in meter



note :- since diameter of bar in mm and length in meter,multiply L with 1000.

so,
             7850 =  Mass*4*1000/𝛑D²L
              Implies, mass = (7850*𝛑D²L)/(4*1000)

Hence,
                           

  Mass  =  D²L/162. pre m.

video

                                                                    

SHAPE FACTOR FOR DIFFERENT SECTION

                   


                     

Section	Shape Factor
Rectangle	1.5
Circle	1.698
Diamond	2.0
Tube	1.27
Symmetric  I Section	1.133

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

• CEMENT
• SAND
• M-SAND
• AGGREGATE
• RED-BRICK
• FLY ASH  BRICK

CEMENT

STETTING TIME OF CEMENT

• The initial setting time of cement is 30 minutes.
• The Final Setting Time is 600 minutes (10 HOURS).

SAND

• Organic impurities test – this test is conducted at the field, for every 20 cum or part thereof.
• Silt content test – this is also a field test and to be conducted for every 20 cum.
• Particle size distribution – this test can be conducted at site or in laboratory for every 40 cum of sand.
• Bulking of sand – this test is conducted at site for every 20 cum of sand. Based on bulking of sand, suitable water cement ratio is calculated for concrete at site.
• Organic impurities test – this test is conducted at the field, for every 20 cum or part thereof.
• Silt content test – this is also a field test and to be conducted for every 20 cum.
• Particle size distribution – this test can be conducted at site or in laboratory for every 40 cum of sand.
• Bulking of sand – this test is conducted at site for every 20 cum of sand. Based on bulking of sand, suitable water cement ratio is calculated for concrete at site.

M-SAND

• M-Sand is obtained from specific hard rock (granite) using the state-of-the-art International technology, thus the required property of sand is obtained.
• It does not have the presence of impurities such as clay, dust and silt coatings, increase water requirement as in the case of river sand which impair bond between cement paste and aggregate. Thus, increased quality and durability of concrete.

AGGREGATE

• Aggregates are used for foundations and concretes in 20mm & 40mm.

Aggregates Test

• Crushing test
• Abrasion test
• Impact test
• Soundness test
• Shape test
• Specific gravity and water absorption test

RED-BRICK

Standard brick size consists length x breadth x height as 19cm x 9cm x 9cm.

Brick Test

• Absorption test
• Crushing strength test
• Hardness test
• Shape and size
• Color test
• Soundness test
• Structure of brick

FLY ASH  BRICK

 Dimension of fly ash brick 230 mm X 110 mm X 70 mm.

• The colour of fly ash brick is same as the manufacturing is carried out using machinery in controlled condition.
• Uniform in shape and smooth in finish as the manufacturing is carried out using machinery
• Fly ash brick are lighter as the main composition is fly ash.
• Fly ash bricks are less porous
• The cost of fly ash brick is approximate 30%lower than clay brick. 

UNIT WEIGHT OR DENSITY OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

Construction Materials	Density (Kg/m3)
WATER	1000
Clay soil	1900
Gravel soil	2000
Sandstone	2000
Silt	2100
Chalk	2100
Shale	2500
Sedimentary rocks	2600
Metamorphic rocks	2700
Igneous rocks	2700
Igneous rocks	3000
Bricks	1500-1800
Asphalt	721
Cement	1440
Cement mortar	2080
Lime	640
Lime mortar	1760
Concrete (P.C.C)	2400
Concrete (R.C.C)	2500
Steel	7850
Stainless steel	7480 – 8000
Aluminium	2739
Magnesium	1738
Cobalt	8746
Nickel	8908
Tin	7280
Lead	11340
Zinc	7135
Cast iron	7208
Copper	8940
Iron	7850
Glass	2580